treatment for brain tumors, e.g., surgical treatment, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, is finally selected based on a pathological diagnosis by biopsy. We invented a new navigation observation method
number of minimally invasive therapeutic procedures by single port surgery (SPS) have been proposed. However, there exist the following issues: 1) the flaw that the triangular formation for the targe
study describes the development of a novel robotic-assisted laparoscopic ultrasound for hepatic surgery. Minimally invasive surgery is being performed with increased frequency, with clear advant
With the development of endoscopic instruments and minimally invasive techniques, the laparoscopic adrenalectomy has been the gold standards for the surgical treatment of small adrenal tumors. Severa
advances in the technologic and surgical instrument fields have resulted in the developments of robotic adrenal surgery. PRA has several superior benefits comparing to the others in terms of direct a