CD perforation during IOC
In spite of the fact that IOC may help us to find CBD stones and clarify the exact anatomy, it may cause some complications like cystic duct perforation. It may cause post operative biloma if not diagnose intra-operatively.
Cystic Duct Dilation
Dilatation of the cystic duct using a calibrated balloon. Another attempt to enhance original image from https://www.sages.org/image_library/search.php?id=100057
Cystic Duct Dilation
Dilatation of the cystic duct using a calibrated balloon. Attempted to enhance original image from https://www.sages.org/image_library/search.php?id=100057
Short cystic duct off the Right hepatic duct
An extremely short cystic duct coming off R hepatic duct. Intraoperative cholangiogram obtained through gallbladder infundibulum confirmed this critical anatomy.
Radiographic Equipment
The textbooks state that the cystic duct enters the common duct along a relatively straight line in 75% of cases. The author has noted that this occurs in only 17% of operative cholangiograms; in the majority of cases, the cystic duct enters posterior, sp